The first commandment God gave to Adam and Eve pertained to their potential for parenthood as husband and wife. We declare that God's commandment for His children to multiply and replenish the earth remains in force.
Multiply and Replenish: A Command from the Lord
On the sixth day of creation, God created Adam and Eve in His image, blessed them, and gave them the commandment to "be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it." In essence God commanded Adam and Eve to have children in order to fill the earth "with the measure of man" and bring it under productive cultivation.
Parenthood is the ideal apprenticeship for our duties and responsibilities as exalted beings. Thus, it appears that the whole gospel plan hinges on being willing to keep this commandment.
Current Fertility Trends
Modern fertility patterns reveal that men and women around the world are choosing to have much smaller families and much more frequently choosing to have no children at all. These decisions not to "multiply and replenish the earth" have significant consequences for generations to come.
The Total Fertility Rate (TFR) or the average number of children a woman bears in her lifetime, is a telling demographic statistic. For any society to persist, women must have enough babies to replace the population. In societies with lower infant mortality rates and access to modern health care, the TFR to achieve stasis would be 2.1 children per woman . However, where infant mortality is higher and access to modern health care is limited, replacement TFR is higher. Latest demographic projections indicate that by 2050, deaths will outnumber births and the earth will begin to see depopulation--continued population losses.
Why Fertility Rates Are Decreasing
Decreasing economic value of children has, in part, brought about a decrease in fertility rates. Throughout most of human history, societies and civilizations have been organized to maximize human reproduction to assure survival. Even with fertility rates averaging eight or more children per woman, population growth was slow and sporadic until the last century, High levels of maternal and infant mortality, disease, poverty, poor nutrition, persistent local warfare, dangerous living conditions, and accidents all contributed to the need to maximize fertility in order to simply replace the population. With such bleak prospects for family growth, children in almost all cultures were considered a blessing from God, "an heritage of the Lord"
Additionally, for most of it's existence humankind has lived in rural areas with economies based on subsistence agriculture. In this setting, children, in addition to their intangible worth, were also economic assets. They could help their family survive by being involved in planting, harvesting, and raising livestock. However, since the industrial revolution, increasing numbers of families live in urban environments and work in non-agricultural settings. Thus, for the majority of parents in developed countries, children have become economic liabilities rather than assets.
Also fear of overpopulation, government pressure, childfree lifestyles, and widespread contraceptive use contribute to the decline of fertility rates.
Potential Consequences of Low Fertility Rates
Depopulation is a real worry. One ancillary issue is that since depopulation seems to occur more readily among the educated than the uneducated, the overall education level of the world's population may decrease. Population aging is another issue. There will be a much greater proportion of elderly people than young and will need someone to take care of them both financially and physically.
Potential Worldwide Consequences of Depopulation and Aging
There are economic consequences of depopulation. Patterns of fertility and population growth have spiritual as well as temporal consequences. Scholars and policymakers are just starting to realize the serious long-term negative consequences that failing to multiply and replenish the earth may have on the global economy. Recently, the UN Population Division has warned that depopulation and the resultant aging population will result in the widespread decrease of what is called the potential support ratio on a global basis. Simply put, this is the ratio of the number of workers in the labor force to the number who are not in the labor force. When the potential support ratio decreases, it creates an environment where an increasing number of economically dependent individuals are supported by a relatively smaller number of contributors.
Potential Individual and Familial Consequences
The transition to parenthood is considered to be a normative stage in marriage. Foregoing that stage may affect the stability and satisfaction in the marriage. Married couples who choose to be childless possibly may be more likely to separate and divorce when marital satisfaction wanes. The idea that people are "staying together for the kids" is sometimes true.
We are moving toward a world where having just one child is more and more common. Many children will grow up without brothers or sisters, without cousins, without aunts and uncles, without nieces and nephews. Children without siblings or extended family may have a less than optimal environment for development. All these kin relationships have traditionally provided a rich context for social development.
Depopulation may adversely affect elderly individuals. The reduction in potential support ratios puts into question the long-term viability of inter-generational social support systems that are particularly crucial for the well-being of the aged.
Blessings of Multiplying and Replenishing the Earth
There are promised blessings for those who are willing to invest in the next generation. And there are those who continue,, primarily for religious reasons , to have children in sufficient numbers to replenish the population. Multiplying and replenishing the earth yields the blessing of more stability for society as a whole. Bearing and caring for children is a blessing that contributes to adult development by facilitating generativity. Prophets and apostles have also associated parenting with the blessing of joy. President Hinckley proclaimed
Of all the joys of life, none other equals that of happy parenthood. Of all the responsibilities with which we struggle, none other is so serious. To rear children in an atmosphere of love, security, and faith is the most rewarding of all challenges. The good result from such efforts becomes life's most satisfying compensation.
LDS Church Guidelines on Personal Fertility Control
The official website of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints presents the following under the heading "Birth Control: An Introduction."
Children are one of the greatest blessings in life, and their birth into loving and nurturing families is central to God's Purposes for humanity. When husband and wife are physically able, they have the privilege and responsibility to bring children into the world and to nurture them. The decision of how many children to have and when to have them is a private matter for the husband and wife.
God has a plan for the happiness of all who live on the earth, and the birth of children in loving families is central to His plan. The first commandment He gave to Adam and Eve was to "be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth" (Genesis 1:28). The scriptures declare, "Children are a heritage of the Lord" (Psalm 127:3). Those who are physically able to have the blessing, joy, and obligation to bear children and to raise a family. This blessing should not be postponed for selfish reasons.
Sexual relations within marriage are not only for the purpose of procreation, but also a means of expressing love and strengthening emotional and spiritual ties between husband and wife.
Husband and wife are encouraged to pray and counsel together as they plan their families. Issues to consider include the physical and mental health of the the mother and father and their capacity to provide the basic necessities of life for their children.
Decisions about birth control and the consequences of those decisions rest solely with each married couple. Elective abortion as a method of birth control, however, is contrary to the commandments of God.
From the textbook, Successful Marriages and Families, Hawkins, Alan J., Dollahite, David C., & Draper, Thomas W., 2012.